Tuesday, December 31, 2019
Scout, Scout And Dill - 876 Words
6 (a) List the episodes in the story so far which involve the Radley Place as they appear to Jem, Scout and Dill. (b) What is the real significance of these episodes? -One day, Scout finds a tree hole in one of the Radleyââ¬â¢s trees filled with Wrigley gum. Scout becomes anxious but her fear of Boo Radley becomes slightly lower after nothing bad happens to her. Then, on the last day of school, Jem finds two old Indian head pennies in the knothole. This discovery sparks the curiosity of Jem and Scout as they wonder if Boo Radley is placing these ââ¬Å"giftsâ⬠here. -One day, Jem, Scout and Dill are playing with an old tire. Scout rolls in it and ends up in the front yard of the Radley place. Scout is terrified and the incident begins to igniteâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦8 Describe the Christmas visit to Finchââ¬â¢s Landing. On Christmas Day, Atticus takes his children, Jem and Scout, and his brother Jack to Finchââ¬â¢s Landing. Finchââ¬â¢s Landing is an old house in the country where Alexandra, Atticusââ¬â¢s sister, and her husband live. During the visit, Scout meets Francis, Alexandraââ¬â¢s grandson who Scout thinks is the most boring child that she has ever talked to. Scout also meets Alexandra, who comes off as proper and pretentious, and insists that Scout dress more like a lady. 9 (a) Describe the episode involving Tim Johnson, the mad dog. (b) What do we learn from this episode of Atticusââ¬â¢s character? One day, a mad dog with the name Tim Johnson comes out of nowhere and begins to wander down the main street toward the Finchesââ¬â¢ house. The children notice the dog and tell Calpurnia who then looks at the dog for a brief second and immediately calls Atticus. Atticus and Sheriff Tate then pull up to the scene. Sheriff Tate hands Atticus a rifle and asks him to shoot the rabid dog. Reluctantly, Atticus does so, hitting and killing the dog with only one shot from a far distance away. From this episode, the reader learns of Atticusââ¬â¢s great humility. Atticus is an expert in shooting and had been nicknamed ââ¬Å"One-shot Finchâ⬠as a child. Yet, neither Jem nor Scout had any knowledge ofShow MoreRelatedScout, Jem, Dill, And Atticus5089 Words à |à 21 PagesDuring the first chapter of the book we get introduced to Scout, Jem, Dill, and Atticus. Scout is the narrator throughout the whole chapter while she is describing the events such as when Simon Finch their ancestor settled and how they met their best friend Dill during summer. Jem is also introduced when the story starts off with Scout telling us how Jem broke his arm. Atticus Finch is introduced as Scout and Jemââ¬â¢s father which instead of staying on their plantation became a lawyer in maycombRead MoreLetter from Scout to Dill1190 Words à |à 5 Pagesï » ¿Argumentative Essay Brittany Ennis 11/20/13 There has been much debate among historians about the role of government in big business. Should trusts be allowed to exist? Roosevelt believes that they should get rid of monopolies. He quotes and believes in Van Hiseââ¬â¢s article ââ¬Å"Concentration and Controlâ⬠. His article says that the government should get involved in business in order to keep big businessmen in check. He says that unrestrained competition is the biggest of our problems when it comesRead MoreAnalysis of the Childhood World of Jem Scout and Dill and Their Relationship with Boo Radley in Part One?917 Words à |à 4 PagesTo kill a mockingbird: Analyze the childhood world of Jem, Scout, and Dill and their relationship with Boo Radley in Part One. The novel To kill a mockingbird is a story about the older Scout looking back at her childhood in Maycomb, Alabama, and how she had grown up from a world of complete innocence into a much more complex adult world containing lots of negative elements and some good that together form her idea about the world and the way she thinks reacts to different thing later on in theRead MoreSummary Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1307 Words à |à 6 PagesLee, the main character Scout and her brother Jem become friends with a child by the name of Dill. They live in old tired town called Maycomb, in Alabama, where there isnââ¬â¢t much to see nor do, and the only excitement they obtain is from there own games and imaginations. Maycomb is also a old fashion town where racism is still very much alive. One day, the town becomes engulfed in a court case in which a black man, Tom Robinson, is accused of rape. Tomââ¬â¢s attorney is Scout and Jemââ¬â¢s father, AtticusRead MoreKill A Mocking bird By Harper Lee1269 Words à |à 6 PagesBaker ââ¬Å"Dillâ⬠Harris, a seven year old boy, the events in this small town will change his view of the world. Although he is originally from Meridian, Mississippi, he spends his summers in Maycomb, with his Aunt Rachel. This summer is a very special one as Dill meets Scout and Jem Finch, soon finding long lasting friendship and finding another reason to want to be in Maycomb. The first thing Dill announces to the Finch family is ââ¬Å" Hi Iââ¬â¢m Charles Baker Harris, and I can readâ⬠(Lee 8). This is Dill showingRead MoreA Sense Of Innocence, By The Whole Town Of Machomb, Alabama Matures As A Community1277 Words à |à 6 PagesHowever, Scout, Harper Leesââ¬â¢s central character, while young in age, is mature in spirit. Her influences are consistent, and caring and provide positive role models demonstrating understanding, while deciphering right from wrong. Scout matures not through age, but through a short period of time through her father, Adicusââ¬â¢ constant tutoring. While Adicus is a well-educated lawyer, Kalperna, the house help, is not. What they have in common is a mutual level of respect for each other and for Scout despiteRead MoreExperience of Children in Harper Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockingbird732 Words à |à 3 Pagesthe novel are Jean Louise Finch ââ¬Å"Scout,â⬠Jem Finch, and Charles Baker Harris ââ¬Å"Dill.â⬠The novel also features Scout and Jemââ¬â¢s father Atticus Finch, Arthur ââ¬Å"Booâ⬠Radley, and Tom Robinson. The children saw and experienced things that most children would never have to go through. Because of the things they have seen and experienced, Scout, Jem, and Dill mature and learn many life lessons as the novel progresses. At the beginning of To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is six years old. She is a tomboyRead MoreEssay on To Kill a Mocking Bird Chapter Summaries1728 Words à |à 7 PagesBy Harper Lee Honors English Summer Homework Chapter 1-11 Summaries Chapter 1 Scout, the main character, starts the story off by thinking back to the summer where her brother, Jem, had broken his arm. She looks back to all the things and events that lead up to this mishap. Scout introduces us to her home Maycomb, Alabama and some of its interesting townsfolk like her father Atticus Finch, Calpurnia, Dill, The Radleys, and other neighbors. Her father, Atticus, works in town as a lawyer andRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1484 Words à |à 6 Pagestree always being filled with goodies, filling his heart with pleasure, but later filled with cement, ultimately filling Jemââ¬â¢s open heart with pain. Scout Finch, Jemââ¬â¢s sister grew up feeling both the pain and the pleasure through violence. She always fought her classmates, out of rage, but later changed to a more stable being, to her pleasure. Dill, a friend of the Finch family ran away from his home in Meridian because of the pain of not receiving enough attention from his family. Much to his pleasureRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1077 Words à |à 5 PagesIn the novel of To Kill a Mockingbird, we learn about the Finch family and also a few other characters that all play pivotal roles in how the story plays out. Scout, the main protagonist in the story, learns about a character named ââ¬Å"Booâ⬠Radley from her friend Dill. Scout, Dill, and her brother Jem set out to lure Boo Radley out of hiding and into the open. All of the rumors consisted of grotesque descriptions describing the facial features of Boo. They were trying to get the monster out of the dark
Monday, December 23, 2019
Daffodils by William Wordsworth - 1871 Words
William Wordsmiths I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud or Daffodils: Analysis A BESTWORD ANALYSIS As far as there is to mention, there is little of weight or consequence to speak of in the direct analysis of William Wordsworthââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudâ⬠, or ââ¬Å"Daffodilsâ⬠as it is popularly referred to today. From introduction to conclusion, William Wordsworth cleanly describes the act of watching a patch of country daffodils swaying in the breeze and the lasting effect this pleasant image has on his quiet moments of reverie thereafter. But, perhaps in this simple four stanza poem, William Wordsworth has, in writing ââ¬Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudâ⬠, succeeded in creating one of his greatest works of Romantic poetry by so perfectlyâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦William Wordsworthââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"lonely cloudâ⬠is our own private impersonal perception of the world, floating miles above it and missing the quiet virtues of nature, beauty, and other sources of emotional nourishment. As William Wordsworthââ¬â¢s narrator is walking, he notices ââ¬Å"A host, of golden daffodils;â⬠¦ Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.â⬠(4 and 6). Wordsworth goes on to describe these ââ¬Å"golden daffodilsâ⬠as a vast plot of swaying flowers around the fringes of a bay, outdoing the beauty of the oceanââ¬â¢s waves with their own golden oscillation. Describing the daffodils for the next several lines, Wordsworth helps us to visualize what he himself has seen and was so moved by; ââ¬Å"Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. / The waves beside them danced; but they / Out-did the sparkling waves in gleeâ⬠(12-14). These light-hearted daffodils, weaving in unison with each other in the wind, have romantically touched Wordsworth, their natural beauty reaching him in ways that he describes as not fully understanding until later: ââ¬Å"A poet could not but be gay, / In such a jocund company: / I gazed - and gazed - but little thought / What wealth the show to me had brought:â⬠(15-18). It is here that your humble writer can not help but remember one of William Wordsworthââ¬â¢sShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Daffodils By William Wordsworth2381 Words à |à 10 Pagessuch as flowers, for example William Wordsworthââ¬â¢s classic entitled ââ¬Ëdaffodilsââ¬â¢. In his poem he talks about seeing daffodils ââ¬Å"flash upon that inward eyeâ⬠(Wordsworth, Daffodils, 1815) when in ââ¬Å"vacant or in pensive moodâ⬠meaning that he was preoccupied by his love for nature and that it inspired him in his writing, but also the inward eye meaning his own mind or imagination. He now believes that every time he is in a less than happy mood, he will just think of the daffodils, and picture them dancing andRead MoreDaffodils by William Wordsworth and Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke2054 Words à |à 9 PagesDaffodils by William Wordsworth and Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke Each of the Wordsworth and Clarke poems show how the poets have been inspired to write about daffodils. In Miracle on St. Davids Day, Gillian Clarke actually refers to Wordsworths poem within her own. The poems however differ in structure and their responses to the daffodils are different. All of the poems use personification but the poems are written in contrasting style. WilliamRead MoreComparing The Daffodils by William Wordsworth and Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke927 Words à |à 4 PagesComparing The Daffodils by William Wordsworth and Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke In this essay I will attempt to compare two very contrasting poems, William Wordsworthââ¬â¢s `The Daffodils which was written in pre 1900s and Gillian Clarkeââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËMiracle on St Davids Dayââ¬â¢, written in the 20th century. Strangely enough Gillian Clarkeââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËMiracle on St Davids dayââ¬â¢ was actually inspired by ââ¬ËThe Daffodilsââ¬â¢. In 1804 William Wordsworth wrote ââ¬Ëa masterpieceââ¬â¢, two yearsRead More Comparison of Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodils by William Wordsworth1989 Words à |à 8 PagesComparison of Miracle on St. Davids Day by Gillian Clarke and Daffodils by William Wordsworth Daffodils was written by William Wordsworth approximately a century before Miracle on St. Davids Day was written by Gillian Clarke. Due to this, the poems differ greatly in their style and language. Observing the poems at first glance, it is obvious that they also contrast in content, however at greater depth, the connections between them are made obvious. In this essay, I will be discussingRead MoreEssay on I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth725 Words à |à 3 PagesCloud by William Wordsworth ââ¬Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudâ⬠by William Wordsworth, a poem that discloses the relationship between nature and human beings: how nature can affect oneââ¬â¢s emotion and behavior with its motion and sound. The words the author adopted in this poem are interconnected and related to each other. They are simple yet profound, letting us understand how much William Wordsworth related his works to nature and the universe. It also explained to us why William Wordsworth is oneRead MoreComparison Essay: ââ¬Ëthe Daffodilsââ¬â¢ ââ¬Ëto Daffodilsââ¬â¢1042 Words à |à 5 Pagesvery different content, tone, stylistic features and didactic message. The first poem is William Wordsworthââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Daffodilsâ⬠written in 1804. The second poem is ââ¬Å"To Daffodilsâ⬠written by Robert Herrick in 1675. Both poems are about the comparison between man and nature, in this case, itââ¬â¢s the daffodils, but the poems are written in a different way. The p oems are very different in terms of the way daffodils affect the writerââ¬â¢s state of mind. The poems have contrasting content and theme. Wordsworthââ¬â¢sRead MoreWilliam Wordsworths Poetry Essay1118 Words à |à 5 PagesWilliam Wordsworths Poetry gThe greatest and in the end the most influential of the English Romanticsh ( Britannica 675 ). That is William Wordsworth. Wordsworth changed the style of English poetry. His poems are very well written and very beautiful. Many events that@took place in his life shaped Wordsworthfs poetic style. The most important of these@events was not one specific event at all, it was one that encompassed all of Wordsworthfs@life. The one aspect of his life that mostRead MoreWordsworth s Hope For Humans And Nature1497 Words à |à 6 Pagesanyone fully understand why people go for walks through the woods to try to relax? William Wordsworth believed that nature was a key that unlocked the soul trapped in the human body. In his poem, ââ¬Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,â⬠he described how free his soul felt when immersed in nature. Wordsworth loved nature and wanted the rest of the human race to become conscious of natureââ¬â¢s charm on the human soul. Wordsworth explained how he wanted humans to become more involved in nature by using peacefulRead More William Wordsworthââ¬â¢s The Daffodils compared to Miracle on St Davids Day1147 Wor ds à |à 5 PagesWilliam Wordsworthââ¬â¢s The Daffodils compared to Gillian Clarkeââ¬â¢s Miracle on St Davids Day In this essay I will attempt to compare two very contrasting poems, William Wordsworthââ¬â¢s `The Daffodils which was written in pre 1900s and Gillian Clarkeââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËMiracle on St Davids Dayââ¬â¢, written in the 20th century. Strangely enough Gillian Clarkeââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËMiracle on St Davids dayââ¬â¢ was actually inspired by ââ¬ËThe Daffodilsââ¬â¢. In 1804 William Wordsworth wrote ââ¬Ëa masterpieceââ¬â¢, two years after his experience withRead MoreRejecting nature -since early ages.1000 Words à |à 4 Pages Rejecting nature -since early ages. Good evening, welcome to the progress of poetry. Following from last weeks program ââ¬Ëthe eternal songs- of William Blake- tonightââ¬â¢s show Wordsworthââ¬â¢s mind on nature will interpret how: William Wordsworth represented the cultural assumptions, attitudes and ideas, through two of his most beautiful pieces daffodils and the world is too much with us, within the romantic era. The Romantics believed that the centre of change was through the ââ¬Ëcommon manââ¬â¢; as to begin
Sunday, December 15, 2019
Lemonade Stand â⬠Season Three Free Essays
This report provides factual quantative information on Lemonade Stand, sourced from financial statements, the businessââ¬â¢ General Journal and financial data collected during Seasons One, Two and Three. The following economic summary report will consider how well Lemonade Standââ¬â¢s business is performing by, among other things, deducting the standââ¬â¢s capital costs from its profits. Through analysis of the previously stated quantiative information, the company will be able to measure how well the stand is using capital to build economic value, with perhaps deploying company resources in ways that will further enhance its economic value. We will write a custom essay sample on Lemonade Stand ââ¬â Season Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now In short, the economic summary reportââ¬â¢s fundamental objective is to maximize the standââ¬â¢s return for its owners, as well as to focus on very precise value-related targets, be they cost reductions, new investments, or other resource allocation. Over the three season period of review, Lemonade Stand has shown a steady revenue growth. Although this growth is positive, there are aspects of the business that, if managed more efficiently, could have brought the stand a significant increase in overall profits. First, the price per cup could have been increased throughout Season Two ââ¬â instead of maintaining a steady price of $0. 60 during the whole season. This simple increase in price would increase revenues and profits for the season. Second, there was a lack of wise management towards the purchase of supplies during Season Two. It was difficult to forecast the turnout for each day and excess supplies were purchased in preparation for a predicted rush of customers. This mismanagement lead to a waste of supplies, ââ¬â especially ice ââ¬â a low inventory turnover, increased expenses ââ¬â due to management mistakes instead of business operations ââ¬â and excess inventory at the ending of the season. However, despite the downfall in Season Two, inventory turnover did improve during Season Three as well as the standââ¬â¢s current ratio. The Lemonade Standââ¬â¢s current ratio increased significantly from having $5. 80 in current assets for ever $1. 00 in current liabilities in Season One, to having $14. 50 in current assets for every $1. 0 in current liabilities at the conclusion of Season Three. The higher current ratio indicates the liquidty of the business, meaning that there is a greater margin of safety to cover short-term debts. As a result of a higher current ratio, the stand will be able to obtain necessities from short-term creditors such as suppliers, easier than before. The ability to obtain supplies and other necessi ties from short-term creditors will allow the stand to expand ââ¬â if desired ââ¬â and perhaps secure a more profitable Season Four. In addition, the decrease in the debt-equity ratio is another positive sign that shows us that the stand can be successful in the future if managed properly. The owners of Lemonade Stand place a value of $100. 00 toward being their own boss and thus have the freedom and flexibility that they would otherwise not experience while working for another person or company. This form of revenue can be found in the standââ¬â¢s implicit revenue on the standââ¬â¢s balance sheet and is added to the value of learning how to run the business ââ¬â $50. 0 for Season One ââ¬â as well as gaining more information and/or education on increasing profits and learning how to better manage the stand. During the third season, the stand was more concerned with maximizing returns on resources and therefore lead to a greater economic profit for that season. When the information contained in the businessââ¬â¢ financial statements is used to create strategic objectives, such as maximizing returns on resources, the stand will be able to focus on those activities that will produce the desired result and also guide the owners in the management of the business. By focusing on activities that create the most value and, conversley, avoiding devoting inordinate amounts of resources to activities that produce little value the stand will be able to maintain its financial health and generate higher profits in the seasons to come. Lemonade Stand is in a strong position to expand and through expansion, will be able to set larger strategic objectives and potentially increase the health and value of the business. How to cite Lemonade Stand ââ¬â Season Three, Papers
Saturday, December 7, 2019
Criminal Law Revision Notes free essay sample
Proximity test: (R v Eagleton): How close is the accused to committing the final act that constitutes the offence? Substantial step test: Has the accused made substantial progress towards completion of the offence? Consider how much progress has been made and what is left to do. â⬠¢ Unequivocality test: (R v Williams): requires that there be ââ¬Ëno possible innocent explanation for the accusedââ¬â¢s conductââ¬â¢. (Any conduct which might have an innocent explanation cannot be brought by the prosecution as evidence). A precise test, but considered too restrictive. â⬠¢ Last step test: (R v Chellingworth): Has the accused taken the last step towards the completed offence? Voluntary desistance (s4, par. ): If the accused does most of the acts required to constitute the offence but then stops, it is generally no defence (although may be considered in sentencing). Impossibility (s4, par. 3): â⬠¢ Legal: It is impossible for the accused to commit an offence only where th ere is no offence at law to capture the defendantââ¬â¢s conduct (e. g. if the defendant mistakenly believes that it is an offence to acquire a certain weapon, but attempts to do so anyway = no offence). BUT, â⬠¢ Factual: if the offender tries to commit an offence but the offence cannot be committed for factual reasons, this is still an attempt: English. eg, the offender tries to import drugs, but the ââ¬Ëdrugââ¬â¢ is talcum powder)ââ¬â¢ Conspiracy: [not in exam] â⬠¢ takes place before any preparatory action. (An offender is usually not charged with conspiracy and a completed offence. , so conspiracy is not relevant if an offence is actually committed). â⬠¢ No definition in Code, defined in common law as ââ¬Ëan agreement between 2 or more persons to achieve a common objectiveââ¬â¢ (R v Campbell). (note: agreement must be reached. Not sufficient that parties were in communication). â⬠¢ There must be an intention to do all the elements of the offence. There must be a positive intention ââ¬â recklessness will not suffi ce. â⬠¢ If there is no agreement, there is no conspiracy ââ¬â BUT, it is not necessary that all conspirators know one another. â⬠¢ When 2 or more conspirators are charged, the fact that A is acquitted does not necessarily mean B will be as well (R v Darby). â⬠¢ You canââ¬â¢t conspire to do something that is legally impossible. â⬠¢ You can conspire to do something that is factually impossible. Aiding s 7(b) and (c) â⬠¢ What is the principal offence and who is principal offender? Deal with them first â⬠¢ Then distinguish from counselling; presence, constructive presence à · Law: Aiding is providing support, help or assistance (R v Beck) to the PO. Aid is generally given to the PO during the commission of the offence, but can be before the offence (Ancuta). If a person aids another in the commission of an offence they will be liable for the primary offence under s 7(b) or (c). à · First, there must be proof of a Principal Offence actually committed, although conviction of a Principal Offender not necessary (R v Lopuszynski). There can be joint Principal Offenders (Mohan v R). define à · (b): requires proof of assistance being given for the purpose of aiding the commission of the offence. Therefore, an accused can act with the purpose of aiding but not actually aid, and still be liable (R v Arnold). à · 7(c): does not specify mental element, but has been held that ââ¬Ëaidsââ¬â¢ means ââ¬Ëknowingly aidsââ¬â¢( Jervis v R: ââ¬Ëaidsââ¬â¢ h eld to be a word that carries an inherent mental element). à · In both 7(c) and (d), the accessory must have actual knowledge of the future offence they are aiding, as opposed to merely a suspicion (although this knowledge can be inferred from proof of exposure to the obvious). It is sufficient that the accused contemplates the type of crime to be committed by the PO it is not necessary that its precise details be known (Ancuta). Recklessness, however, is an insufficient mental state for aiding. (Giorgianni). à · Variable: Where the offence is one requiring fault elements, the accused must also have actual knowledge that the principal offender possessed the fault element for the principal offence (Stokes and Difford). à · Variable: Non-interference to prevent a crime is not an offence BUT the fact that a person is ââ¬Ëvoluntarily and purposely presentââ¬â¢ and offers no opposition may be grounds for a jury to find that he aided. Positive action NOT essential (Coney). Passive presence at the scene is aid, IF the accused knows his/her presence is encouraging/supporting the PO (e. g. , combination of prior aid and continued nondissociating presence may constitute implied offer of continuing aid = aid under s7) (Beck). à · Apply to facts à · Conclude Counselling or Procuring: s 7(d) à · Law: If a person counsels or procures another to commit an offence they will be liable for the primary offence under s 7(d). à · Procure means to provide information or material assistance to the PO, and that the provisions cause or bring about the crime (R v Beck). ââ¬ËProcuringââ¬â¢ involves intentionally causing the commission of the offence. Humphry v R: ââ¬Ëprocureââ¬â¢ means to produce by endeavour, and one procures a thing by setting out to see that it happens. The accused must also have an intention to assist (Georgianni v R) the PO and general knowledge of the planned crime (Ancuta). à · Counselling means advice or encouragement (Stuart v R) before the commission of the offence. The counsel does not need to cause the crime (R v Coney). Section 9 extends liability beyond s7(d). [again, not really helpful here. You need to look at 7(d) direct, and only if that is not gven, you mention section 9] If it is established that the accused counselled the PO to commit the offence, then a jury must determine if the offence was a probable consequence of the counsel. Probable is defined (Darkan v R) as more probable than not, or of probability less than 50/50, but more than real chance. à · Apply to facts à · Conclude Common purpose, s8 Liability under s8 attaches when one of the parties goes beyond the common unlawful design/ plan. (If parties are within common plan, s7 enough for determining liability). à · Law: When two or more persons together form a common intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose the court will regard them as joint principal offenders. The prosecution must establish that; (1) the accused formed an intention to prosecute an unlawful purpose (Brennan v R); (2) the PO committed the unlawful purpose (R v Phillips and Lawrence); and (3) the principle offence must have been a probable consequence of the prosecution of the unlawful purpose. Test of whether ââ¬Ëprobable consequenceââ¬â¢ is objective (Stuart v R). Probable is defined (Darkan v R) as more probable than not, or of probability less than 50/50, but more than just a ââ¬Ësubstantial or real chanceââ¬â¢. There is no liability if PO unexpectedly departs from the common purpose and commits an offence that was not within the contemplation of the accessory and was not a probable consequence of the common purpose (R v Anderson and Morris) à · Apply to facts à · Conclude Withdrawal s 8(2) â⬠¢ Law: An accessory will not be liable until the PO is actually committed (s 8(2)). The accused can terminate their involvement and escape their liability if they; (1) withdrew from the prosecution of the unlawful purpose; (2) by words or conduct communicate their withdrawal from the unlawful purpose to those invloved in the PO; and (3) take reasonable steps to prevent the commission of the offence (R v Menniti). à · Apply to Facts à · Conclude Fraud (not in exam) â⬠¢ Law: Fraud is when an owner parts with their property under false pretences. It is defined in s409 as (1) any person; (2) with intent to defraud; (3) by deceit or any other fraudulent means; (4) obtains property from another person. An intent to defraud is discussed in Balcombe v De Simoni. It requires an intention to induce, and does induce, another to act à · à · ? Deceit or other fraudulent means are generally statements of fact that the defendant knew to be untrue (R v Carpenter). But the definition is very broad. ? Obtains is defined in s1 as obtaining possession of property. Possession wi thout ownership is enough (Seiler v R). ? Property in s1 includes everything, animate or inanimate, that is capable of ownership. Apply to facts Cobclusion
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